Showing posts with label market. Show all posts
Showing posts with label market. Show all posts

Friday, August 28, 2009

Friday edition: Role of inflation and interest rates in market valuation.

I’ve been thinking of doing or highlighting a thoughtful piece every Friday. So here’s a start!

Vitaliy Katsenelson recently came out with a postscript to his excellent book, Active Value Investing in Range-Bound / Sideways Markets.  I’ve read parts of it, and thoroughly enjoyed it. I admire Vitaliy as one of the few people who have the uncanny ability to think “outside the fog”. (You can check out his blog to know exactly what I mean.)

Vitaliy makes some great points and I particularly wanted to highlight this one regarding the role of interest rates and inflation in determining market valuations.



Let’s take a look at the role interest rates and inflation play in market cycles… My thoughts on the role of interest rates and inflation have changed since the book came out.

Let’s divide the interest/inflation chart into three zones: 1, 2, and 3. Zone 2 is the zone of peace. When interest rates and inflation are in this zone or thereabouts, they have little positive impact on P/Es. However, whenever inflation crosses into zone 3, investors become concerned about inflation, as they should. Inflation erodes real returns from stocks. Interest rate is a significant part of the discount rate investors use to discount future cash flows. A higher discount rate means companies are worth less, thus lower P/Es.

Zone 1 is a tricky zone. In that zone the Fed-model argument falls apart. When inflation falls below a certain level, let’s say 1%, investors become concerned that we’ll slip into deflation –a prolonged decrease in prices. Deflation brings very different risks to the table: it drives corporate revenues down while costs, which are often fixed, lag behind. Corporations start losing money; some go bankrupt. Also, unlike inflation, the Fed has few weapons to fight deflation; thus companies are for the most part on their own.

Though the discount rate used in discounted future cash flows benefits from low interest rates, the risk premium, an integral part of that equation, skyrockets. This to some degree explains why the Japanese market’s P/E collapsed while interest rates were declining. Low interest rates were a product of a very sick economy – not of strength.

Movements between these zones are very important, too. Movements towards stability(towards Zone 2 from Zones 1 and 3) are very positive for P/Es. Movements away from stability (Zone 2) are negative for P/Es.

Hmm..So are we still in a range bound market? When can we expect the next secular bull? He offers the following framework:


Good stuff!


I’ve uploaded the complete document for your perusal. (RSS/Email subscribers might have to come to the website to view the document)
Active_value_investing_range_bound_markets

Read the rest of this entry >>

Tuesday, August 25, 2009

Bob Janjuah : Exit short positions if market crosses 1022 4 days in a row.

Note: Market here refers to S&P 500.

Came across this David Tice interview, courtesy Pragcap.

While the interview was standard David Tice fare, there was this quote from Bob Janjuah which caught my ears. (I’ve referred to his crash warnings earlier here. For an even better compendium, check out this FT Alphaville post.).

IF market closes above 1022 for 4 days in a row, it is time to hit the exits.
Note: Here "exit" refers to exiting from his short positions via stop loss. Basically, he's looking for a momentary spike to 1025-1050. If we can sustain above 1022 for 4 days, then it's time to exit short positions as another asset bubble is coming our way...
Hmm..I guess we’ll find out soon enough! (Tuesday was the second day the markets did exactly that).

Check out the interview below:



PS: As I type this, the Asian markets are selling off. If the sell off should extend to the US markets and S&P 500 closes below 1022, then this count shall be reset to zero..

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Monday, August 24, 2009

Reading links 8/24/2009: The market direction edition.

It’s been a while since I posted on market predictions from the financial gurus. This might be a critical time, with a few commentators warning that markets could be topping out in August.

Well, this linkfest specifically focuses on market prognostications!

  • VALUE LINE HASN’T BEEN THIS BEARISH SINCE 2000 : Value Line reduced its recommended equity allocation to the range of 60% to 70%.This reflects a cautious to outright bearish posture on Value Line’s part, since the firm has never lowered its recommended allocation to below 50%. The last time it was lower than it is now was October 2000.?

    Value Line’s rationale for lowering its recommended equity allocation was not that the economic and financial news is about to take a big turn for the worse, however. Instead, the firm’s concern is that the stock market has rallied so far, so fast, that it has gotten too far ahead of itself.
  • Marc Faber: Expect a correction over the next 2 months.(CNBC)

  • Barry Ritholtz : I wouldn’t be surprised to see a 60-70-80 % rally before all this is over and the market rolls over and dies. This is a trading rally not a multi-year rally so it’s likely to end and retrace a part of it.

    Ritholtz has 1050-1080 as an upside target for the S&P 500, with a slight chance it can go as high as 1200 (It’s a low probability event). Making up 68% of loss is not unheard of. If the rally does extend to those outer limits, Ritholtz sees the Dow topping out "somewhere around 12,000.

  • Is this the start of the big one?

    I don't believe in market calls, and trying to time turns is a perilous game. But most savvy people I know have been skeptical of this rally, beyond the initial strong bounce off the bottom. It has not had the characteristics of a bull market. Volumes have been underwhelming, no new leadership group has emerged, and as greybeards like to point out, comparatively short, large amplitude rallies are a bear market speciality.

  • Top adviser turns bullish, for at most one quarter! (Well, I thought the headline was misleading, the advisor is actually BEARISH!)

  • Paul Tudor Jones on the bear market rally
    The bottom line is that we are not inclined to aggressively chase the market here. Rather, we eye a better opportunity to be long equities into year-end on a potential autumnal pullback.

  • Rounded Reversal into Exact Fibonacci Confluence on SPY

  • TOO FAR, TOO FAST? By Rob Arnott

    Now is not the time to be complacent. Most assets are no longer the bargains they were a few short months ago. As we have stated many times, tactical asset allocation is about taking risks when they are compensated and backing away when they are not. In some cases, the snapback has led risky asset classes like equities and high yield bonds to be susceptible to further price declines

  • Let’s play Ping Pong!

    The point here isn't so much to say, "Ah, prices are extreme and this is a top". Barring a market top, the extreme move from March, 2009 is indicative of two things: 1) the easy gains are behind us; and 2) the indices will likely move sideways to higher but in a more choppy fashion. If a market top comes out of this consolidation, it is likely to develop over the next several months. In general, market tops are affairs; market bottoms are events.

  • China Stocks Enter Bear Market as Index Falls 20% From High

  • More bearish data points for equities.

  • Manic Monday I'm sorry, the reality we see in the market does not justify options prices this high. Is there a reality in the market we don't see? Because if not, Fear is way too high, and anecdotally bullish.

  • Surprising sentimentHulbert :Sentiment picture has taken an unexpected turn for the better

  • Gummy Bears. Try not to overthink what the market might be saying. Cut in half from here? Unlikely.

Read the rest of this entry >>

Tuesday, August 18, 2009

Reading Links 8/17/2009

A brief summary of what I've been reading this past week :

The Confidence Game by Kenneth Rogof : Asia may be willing to sponsor the west for now, but not in perpetuity. Eventually Asia will find alternatives in part by deepening its own debt markets. Within a few years, western governments will have to sharply raise taxes, inflate, partially default, or some combination of all three. As painful as it may seem, it would be far better to start bringing fundamentals in line now. Restoring confidence has been helpful and important. But ultimately we need a system of global financial regulation and governance that merits our faith. (Project Syndicate)

Doug Kass: A Summary of My Bearishness. (TheStreet.com)

RBS uber-bear issues fresh alert on global stock markets : Three-month slide could hit record lows, Royal Bank of Scotland chief credit strategist Bob Janjuah predicts. (Telegraph)

Slow Long-Term Growth, And Government's Response (Investor Insight): A chronic 1 percentage point annual rise in the consumer saving rate for the next decade or so will knock around 1 percentage point off real GDP growth after its effects work their way through the economy. That's a big contrast with 0.5 annual percentage point declines in the saving rate over the previous quarter century that added around 0.5 percentage points to growth. That total swing of 1.5 percentage points will reduce real GDP growth from 3.6% per year in the 1982-2000 salad days to 2.1%.

So with the five other inhibitors to growth in coming years -- financial deleveraging, weak commodity prices that will retard spending by producing countries, more government regulation and involvement in the economy, rising protectionism and deflation -- our forecast of 2.0% real GDP growth is probably even optimistic.

With 2% to 3% deflation, nominal GDP might not gain at all. And with slower growth in the years ahead, economic expansions are likely to be shorter and less robust while recessions will probably be deeper and more frequent.

All Eyes on Chinese Equities. (Investment Postcards)

Bob Prechter "Quite Sure" Next Wave Down Will Be Bigger and March Lows Will Break (Yahoo)



Roubini : A “jobless” and “wageless” recovery? (Forbes)

“For the labor market to stabilize, job losses need to slow to 100,000 to 150,000 per month, and jobless claims need to fall to around 400,000. Payrolls alone don’t reflect the strength of the household sector. Labor compensation and work hours also function as indicators, and both of these have slowed sharply in recent months. Even as borrowing conditions remain tight and home prices continue to fall, the dip in labor compensation will continue to constrain consumer spending, notwithstanding any fiscal stimulus.

“In a severe, consumer-led recession like this one, the labor market is a leading (rather than lagging) indicator of economic recovery, and the consumer still drives the US economy (private consumption still makes up over 70% of GDP). A slowdown in the pace of job losses from 650,000 to 250,000 is welcome, but in no way offers comfort about a prompt comeback of the US consumer. This raises concerns about the strength and sustainability of any economic recovery that most people are expecting in the second half of 2009, and beyond.”

A rally with troubling aspects (FT)

One troubling aspect of the rally is that, from a historical perspective, equity volatility remains elevated, with the CBOE’s Vix volatility index showing a reading of about 25. Before the credit squeeze in the summer of 2007, the Vix rarely rose to more than 20.

There is also concern that the strong run has largely reflected short sellers reversing bearish bets on stocks.

Low summer trading volumes are a cause for concern. Daily share volume on NYSE Euronext has not been above 2bn since June 25 and, in recent weeks, is behind April and May.

Between 1,100 and 1,150 [on the S&P] is where we think this rally will top itself out.”

For more, visit the news site, http://news.fundamentalinsights.slinkset.com/ .You can also follow me @fundinsights on Twitter for real time updates.

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Friday, August 14, 2009

Interesting interviews with Tobias Levkovich.

As far as investment bank strategists go, I actually enjoy listening to Tobias Levkovich. I had written about him more than a year back here, where he argued for a W-shaped downturn, a collapse in commodity prices, emerging market declines, higher taxes and other interesting stuff.

Perfect for a hopefully slow Friday, here are some of his interviews on CNBC these past 2 months. I've posted my notes as well. Enjoy!

Interview 1.


Notes:

  • Production will climb in H2 and into 2010.
  • Increase in production rates drive earnings growth. Could provide bump to GDP data. Cost control merely provides operating leverage to the upside.
  • In last 30 years, all growth in consumer expenditure as a percentage of GDP has come from health care expenditures.
  • Our debts went up, but so did our wealth. When the debt went up by 6 trillion dollars, consumer assets went up by 24 trillion. They’re still up about 14 trillion.
  • Strength of Q2 earnings and probability of H2 earnings power supportive of further gains.
  • Possibility of a correction later in the year. Issues:
    -2010 earnings estimates are too high.
    -Some companies like mortgage insurers are in trouble, hitting the European banks.
  • Overshoot to 1100 on the S&P 500 possible.


Interview 2.


  • We’re still going somewhat higher. Still an environment where people doubt that stocks will be moving higher, and earnings will be going up.
  • The big discussion is this whole cost cutting, not revenues driving earnings thing.
  • We’re also at a stage where production has to tick up as we have been destocking at a severe rate. Inventories will not build up. Only destock at a more moderate level.
  • CEO confidence is a great inverse indicator.

  • Mutual funds and pension funds have performed better than hedge funds in this environment.


Click here for Interview 3.
  • This is a cyclical bull not a secular bull. Next secular bull will launch around 2012-2013. Secular bull markets have to break above the previous highs.

  • Production of cars in North America is 4 million units, with sales of 7 million units. Under producing very severely to reduce inventories. Car makers can increase production by 75% and not build a stitch of inventories.
  • Historically production rates drives earnings. Every cyclical recovery has started that way. Not generated by end market sales but by production increases.
  • Bullish but realizes that there will be setbacks along the way.
  • Labor costs are a major part of inflation, and with unemployment at 10% and global labor losses, unless we put in major protectionist measures, hard to see inflation.

Dated but still good fourth interview presented without comment.

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Monday, August 10, 2009

Festival of Stocks #153

Fundamental Insights is proud to host the 153rd edition of the Festival of Stocks. The Festival of Stocks is a blog carnival dedicated to highlighting bloggers’ best articles on stock market related topics. This will include research and commentary on specific stocks, industry analysis, ETFs, REITs, stock derivatives, and other related topics.

Before reviewing submissions from some of the best financial blogs on the web, I wanted to introduce new readers to Fundamental Insights. Here you’ll find investment and trading ideas discussed using fundamental and technical analysis. Please look around at our recent posts or the favorites section to get an idea. For fresher insights, stay updated via RSS feed, email or twitter.

Now, onto this week’s submissions.

Steve Alexander presents an interesting article on Goodwill Accounting and MFI, Part 1 - MagicDiligence. He writes: "Goodwill is an accounting concept used to track the purchase price of acquisitions. It is a fairly involved concept, and one that MFI largely ignores. This first of two articles describes Goodwill, how it is accounted for, and a simple example."

Michael Johnston presents Why Everything You’ve Heard About Leveraged ETFs Is Wrong at ETFdb. Good read.

Value Investing Pro discusses David Dreman's CNBC interview on August 05,2009.

Zach Scheidt presents Home Inns Vulnerable to China Lodging posted at ZachStocks. Ctrip.com Results pushed HMIN higher. The China lodging firm is vulnerable because of its high stock multiple and the potential letdown after the Shangai World's Fair.

Steve Patterson cautions against investing in Cisco Systems (CSCO).

Dividends4Life analyzes Becton Dickinson & Co. (BDX). Becton, Dickinson and Co provides a wide range of medical devices and diagnostic products used in hospitals, doctors' offices, research labs, and other settings.

Right Price Investing presents an Investment Manifesto 2.0. It's good!

The Viewspaper presents FIIs and the Indian Stock Market.

My Wealth Builder speculates on Expecting Another Bubble The basic premise? Low interest rates are bound to create another bubble. Hopefully, by expecting another asset bubble, you can protect your savings better than was done during the recent housing and financial crash.

Investing School presents a primer on What is Net Working Capital..

Forexoma presents a helpful primer on Money Management skills in Forex Trading Money management is the most important part of forex or for that matter any type of trading.

Darwin's Finance presents a primer on How Stock Options Work? .

Money Smart Life discusses Actively Managed Exchange Traded Funds.

Dividend Growth Investor presents a Dividend Stock Analysis on Supervalu (SVU).

Silicon Valley Blogger reviews Zecco posted at The Digerati Life.

The Smarter Wallet presents Trend Analysis For The US Dollar Index and Crude Oil Market.

The Canadian Finance Blog presents The Kondratieff Wave: Tracking The Past Or Predicting The Future? The Kondratieff Wave was created in 1926 but may be a sign of what will happen in today's economy.

Sun shares his trading experience with OptionsHouse posted at The Sun’s Financial Diary.

Stock Pursuits presents his 2009 Net-Net Stocks Performance.

Associate Money warns against using home equity loans to invest in the stock markets.

Money Ning points out that 401(k), Traditional IRA and Roth IRA have different tax implications..

Doug reviews Some Bank Stocks That Might Be Worth Watching.



That concludes this edition of the Festival of Stocks. Be sure to leave comments as you visit each of the blogs that participated in this week’s Festival of Stocks. They’ll appreciate knowing folks are reading their articles.

Submit your blog article to the next edition of festival of stocks using the carnival submission form. Past posts and future hosts can be found on the blog carnival index page.

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Sunday, August 9, 2009

Fibonacci levels in the news : a contrarian take.

I had written about key Fibonacci levels in a post about a week ago. Turns out Fibonacci has really been in the news for retracement levels this week. While the absolute numbers might differ marginally, the upshot is the same. These levels are being watched by a huge number of investors. Consider the sample below:

  • This CNBC video uses Fibonacci retracement levels and points out the negative price divergence in the RSI level for the Shanghai index. The rally looks to be running out of steam. He also discusses the Shanghai index as a 'leading indicator' (something I've alluded to in the past).

  • Afraid to Trade has this post on S&P 500 resistance levels using Fibonacci.

  • David Sneddon from Credit Suisse points out the 1007-1014 retracement level on the S&P 500, and that the advance-decline line has flat lined.

  • This chart from the Big Picture blog has retracement targets similar to Fibonacci levels of 1014 on the S&P 500.

  • Zero Hedge shares this chart on the Fibonacci retracement levels.

  • Target and support levels for the Shanghai index in this CNBC video are similar to the levels posted using Fibonacci.
You can read my earlier analysis by clicking here.

The key point is that most commentators see the equity markets upside capped at around 0-10% from here, but the downside is considerable, quite possibly even retesting the March lows. Even the non-Fibonacci fundamentals driven consensus seems to be for at most a rally to around the 1,050-1,100 mark on the S&P 500. This suggests we’ll either:
a) go down around here, or
b) go right through 1100.

Consider the second case. If one were to look at all this Fibonacci analysis from a contrarian perspective, this might be bullish news. Just as the widely discussed head-and-shoulders pattern turned out to be a head fake and the equity markets rallied sharply, the current consensus on using Fibonacci retracements could be a bullish omen.

To paraphrase the Bespoke group, with so many market and economic indicators reaching pre-Lehman levels, one has to ask: Will the market be next? Reaching pre-Lehman levels would take us to 11,000 on the Dow and 1,200 on the S&P 500.

Read the rest of this entry >>

Thursday, July 30, 2009

Liquidity Risk and VAR in Financial Markets

Came across this really interesting presentation on liquidity risk in the financial markets (it's dated but still good). These 3 last slides jumped out:









Interestingly, the blow up in the credit spreads was the story of 2008. Are the other two crisis waiting to happen? Yes Toto, we're not in Kansas anymore.

Read the whole thing here:

Volatility VIX










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Friday, July 24, 2009

Louise Yamada on Bloomberg.

Caught this really interesting interview of Louise Yamada the other day. The interview doesn't start till about 32 minutes into the program.

If you remember her earlier interviews, the Queen of Technical Analysis has been famously bearish in her price targets and predictions. Interestingly, while she highlighted the negative divergences in the recent rally, she isn't expecting "more than a healthy 10% pullback"! So is she bullish or bearish?

You decide!




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Wednesday, July 22, 2009

Will the stock markets bottom after the recession ends?

According to the market gospel, equities are supposed to bottom 6 months before the end of a recession. It is argued that since the stock market is a leading indicator, it anticipates the recovery in the economy and turns up before the economy does. People are advised to stay invested, given the difficulty in trying to time the exact bottom.

The 2001 recession is the obvious fly in the ointment. That recession ended in November 2001, but the equity markets didn’t bottom until 12-18 months later. While it’s tempting to reject it as a statistical aberration, I came across an argument which suggests otherwise, and this might just be the norm going forward.

In a nutshell, because of weak economic recoveries, the stock market bottoms will lag the NBER defined end-of-recessions. An excerpt from this excellent article titled “Debt and Deflation” better illustrates this point:


In all the recessions from 1967 to 1999, the NBER aligns its recession ending dates very well with the unified recovery in income, production, employment and sales. However, for the 2000-2001 recession the NBER call date for the recovery did not line up with these four coincident indicators. Although the recession officially ended in November 2001, employment and income had not turned higher. In fact, they did not trough until March and August 2003 recording lags of 16 and 21 months, respectively. Thus, the economy was only in a partial recovery, a situation that had huge stock market implications.

The S&P 500 Stock Price Index troughed prior to the end of all the NBER defined recessions from 1967 through 1999, in concert with the four key economic variables. However, in 2001 the S&P bottomed 15 months after the end of the NBER defined recession yet one and six months before the cyclical troughs in income and employment, respectively. In other words, stock prices anticipated the complete, not partial, recovery of these pillars of economic growth. Although all four of these indicators are still falling, the critical event for the financial markets will be when all four finally turn higher. If a complete recovery of these four variables is still far in the future, then the current gains in the stock market cannot be sustained, just as rallies were not sustained in 2001.








The recovery after the post-2001 recession was dubbed “the jobless recovery” because the uptick in the jobs data didn’t happen until 2003. US recoveries are getting longer and weaker. At some level this makes sense; as the economy became more service sector oriented it also became less cyclical then, say, a manufacturing economy like China. Add in things like just-in-time inventory management and the businesses could adjust inventories quickly to the end-user demand. (All these factors are straight from a class lecture). The Greenspan-Bernanke put further made the downturns mild in nature. The absence of normal downturns made the subsequent recovery slower and weaker.

Lakshman Achuthan had this interesting thing to say about the weak recoveries, and the implication for stocks going forward:

There are two secular trends which are problematic and should challenge stocks. Trend growth of recoveries, ever since world war II have been getting weaker and weaker. So our altitude is lower and lower. At the same time, the size of the cycle is getting bigger. Add these two things up, you get more frequent recessions and recessions bring with them new bear markets.

The implication of weaker recoveries on stock markets is often overlooked and seldom discussed. It might be time to toss out the old perception of stocks bottoming before the end of recessions.

Weaker recoveries, lagging stock markets, more frequent bear markets, structurally higher unemployment and interest rates. Equities will surely get re-priced. One more nail in the stocks-for-the-long-run coffin.

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Tuesday, July 21, 2009

Reading links.

As I’ve updated before, I maintain a news sidebar where I link to relevant newsworthy articles. The website is http://news.fundamentalinsights.slinkset.com/ which is updated almost on a daily basis as and when I come across interesting articles, so do check back regularly.


To whet your appetite, here’s a sampler for this week.

  • Lex on Markets : The second quarter may well have marked the bottom. But it could also descend into infamy as the most deceptive three months in economic memory. Certainly all the talk of a second Great Depression has vanished. Equity markets are up by between a 10th and a third and data are better across a range of economic indicators.

    Plummeting demand has only moderated due to stimulus policies and zero interest rates. Neither is sustainable. There may be a minibubble in commodities, additionally inflated by Chinese hoarding. All over the world, household, corporate (and now government) balance sheets are overleveraged.

    It is not scaremongering to worry that the second quarter was just a blip. Indeed, Tuesday’s worse-than-expected consumer confidence data in the US suggest optimism may now be ebbing away.


  • Tim Bond : History is bunk : Existing data confirms that a sharp improvement in the US labour market is due over the next three months. The June payrolls report, contrary to market perception, was entirely consistent with the recovery story. The return to positive growth, whether in output, profits or employment, is in the process of occurring right now, with the “turning point” covering the June-September period. Historic data is therefore much less meaningful than usual. The current consolidation in the markets is a good opportunity for investors to raise exposure to cyclical assets.

    And since we are in the midst of the cyclical turning point, historic data is of very little relevance to the actual state of the economy. We reiterate our advice to use the current pause in the cyclical asset rally to add to long exposures.


  • S&P 500 Rally Poised to End : The 34 percent rebound in the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index since March shows few hallmarks of a bull market, and stocks will probably stagnate for years. The main benchmark for American equities probably will continue to make “no net price progress” for at least two more years.


  • New Bull Market?


  • Banks bogus bonus : More likely, banks are taking advantage of new accounting rules that allow them to place a higher paper value on the mortgages than the price they actually paid for them. These "mark-to-market" changes took effect just in time for the second quarter. Bank profits have improved for months because of the new accounting rules that allowed banks to mark up the value of the troubled assets already on their books. What is new is that banks are buying more MBS to add to that tally. Banks could buy the MBS at low prices in the market, which would boost the banks' own trading fees, since banks get paid whenever they trade for their own accounts. Banks could also record as "profit" the difference between the price they paid and the price that the securities are thought to be really worth. They make money because they're buying more MBS, recording more profit on both the old and new ones, and paying themselves fees.

    And, at the same time, there are many who would argue that taking advantage of accounting-rule changes is not making money and that the "profits" are fake. If that's true, take some comfort. Even this year's alleged record bonuses will probably be paid in illiquid, long-term stock that banks can pull back any time they like. Fake bonuses, then, for fake profits.


  • Breakdown becomes a Bear Trap. : Using flag pole as a measuring stick, I estimate a possible upside price target of 1200. Assuming that price is in the ball park, our long-term model, which is still bearish, will be switching to bullish very soon. Until then, I will still assume that the long-term is bearish, but I thought it worthwhile to point out that we are nearing a tipping point.


  • Still bullish? Doomsville!


  • Inflationary pressures are a legitimate concern : But let's get back to Hester. He states that "it's important to note that during the current secular bear market, the volatility of inflation has mostly been well contained." The value is less than those seen at past bear market bottoms, but the trend is rising.

    "Valuations going forward may show their typical sensitivity to economic uncertainty, and for this reason, the change in the slope of the volatility of inflation over the last two years is troublesome. The level of inflation volatility is still low, relative to the peaks reached during prior secular bear markets. If the level of inflation volatility continues to increase, it will become more difficult to argue that the secular bear market has come to an end."

    Inflationary pressures are a legitimate concern. Hester's notion that the characteristics of a true bull market bottom have not been met are intuitive and insightful. From my perspective, the Faber strategy performs more efficiently when we avoid being in the market when inflation pressures -real or perceived- are high, as determined by our inflation indicator, which assesses trends in commodities, gold, and yields on the 10 year Treasury.

    This is the most compelling evidence that suggests the impending signal from the Faber strategy will be a false signal. Avoidance of equities in times of uncertainty -as measured by strong trends in gold, commodities, and yields on the 10 year Treasury bonds - is unlikely to lead to under performance.


  • Is the equity risk premium actually zero? And this : The Equity Premium is No Longer a Puzzle


  • Debt is capitalism’s dirty little secret : Just why is there so much debt in the Anglo-Saxon world? Bankers and regulators know well that it is in nobody’s long-term interests to have allowed borrowing to escalate to a position where the US now owes far more, as a multiple of the economy, than at the start of the Great Depression.

    The answer is capitalism’s dirty little secret: excessive lending was the only way to maintain the living standards of the vast bulk of the population at a time when wealth was being concentrated in the hands of an elite.

    The amount by which the elite has benefited is startling, and illustrates the problem with lightly regulated free markets: the rich get much richer while the rest do not get richer at all. According to Société Générale economists, the inflation-adjusted income of the highest-paid fifth of US earners has risen by 60 per cent since 1970, while it has fallen by more than 10 per cent for the rest.

    we should all come to terms with the fact that these are structural issues needing structural solutions; they need to be enforced over a longer time period than any one government’s term. So we need a new political consensus, one aimed at reducing overall debt levels while reducing inequality by encouraging education, entrepreneurship and investment in innovation.


For much much more, please click on the link below!


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Monday, July 20, 2009

Wells Fargo on Chinese loan growth : Is China the next bubble?

On the heels of my post yesterday arguing that the equity rally we are seeing is being fed by Chinese loan growth, I came across this interesting research piece by Wells Fargo asking if China would be the next bubble? They are obviously concerned that this loan growth could lead to asset bubbles. The team actually makes a good argument that the lending boom in China is still under historical norms, especially when compared to an over leveraged US.


The report in chart form:







Read the complete report by clicking on this Scribd document link.

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Thursday, July 16, 2009

Blockbuster Chinese June loan growth: FINAL stock surge ahead?

It is widely accepted that a big reason for the Chinese equity rally was the massive increase in banking loans and money supply. Thus when the Financial Times reported a blockbuster June loan growth, I wondered if this would lead to a July-August surge in the stock markets, the last one. Looks like we might be getting one.

Here are two charts showing the credit and money supply surge:





An excerpt from the FT

China’s increasingly fretful banking regulator worries that rampant credit growth “poses risks” to the financial system. The warning comes after banks advanced Rmb5,840bn ($855bn) of new loans in the first five months, almost triple the amount a year earlier. As for June’s lending, at $220bn it was a blockbuster as banks pumped up their quarterly loan numbers, just as they did in March (to $280bn).

An unknowable amount of this cash has ended up on the blackjack tables of Macao – or that other casino, the Shanghai Stock Exchange, where daily volumes are currently three times the five-year average. But even assuming that most has gone where intended, there are still many reasons to worry.


Early this year when we had a loan surge, it led to a Chinese equity markets rally, which fed on itself, propagating to the rest of the world. (The Indian elections were of course a factor in sustaining the current emerging markets bubble.) This February Bloomberg article alleged:

Chinese companies may be using record bank lending to invest in stocks, fueling a rally. As much as 660 billion yuan ($97 billion) may have been converted by
companies into term deposits or used to buy equities.

Companies are reluctant to increase production amid a slowdown in demand and some may have diverted funds meant for expansion into the stock market to chase higher returns.


Fast growth and sustainable growth are two DIFFERENT ideas. Growth for growth's sake might not lead to the desired outcome in the long term. The state mandated growth will lead to a huge misallocation of capital, depressing your return on invested capital. Don’t confuse this rally as a beginning of a new bull market. I would argue that what we are seeing is one final bull market gasp led by casino-China. Don’t misread the tea leaves. New lows are ahead of us.

Stay tuned.

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Wednesday, July 15, 2009

US Federal receipts.

Interesting chart from Zero Hedge showing past and projected individual and corporate federal receipts. Looks like either the economy is going to boom, or individual taxes are going up, A LOT.



Raising taxes (or interest rates for that matter) will dampen any incipient recovery. Well, looks like we're already headed there. From WSJ: Small Business Faces Big Bite.

The House bill would place new taxes on the wealthiest people to help expand insurance coverage to the nation's 46 million uninsured people. The legislation calls for a 5.4% surtax on those with annual gross incomes exceeding $1 million.

Households with annual income between $500,000 a year and $1 million would be hit with a 1.5% surtax, and those earning between $350,000 and $500,000 would face a 1% surtax. Those rates could eventually increase to 3% and 2%, respectively, if the government doesn't achieve certain health-cost savings.


Greg Mankiw reports that once sales tax is factored in, the top earner would be facing a marginal tax rate of 55%.

Why is this important for markets? The bull market of the 1980s and 1990s coincided with tax reforms and tax cuts. Taxes, instead of being a tailwind, will actually hamper profitability and economic growth going forward. (I'm not suggesting that raising taxes is a wrong idea. I realize higher taxes is the price we have to pay for the excesses of the past few years.) Taxes are a very important determinant of market sentiment and the economy. Apart from healthcare, the cost of cap and trade is effectively a tax. Corporate taxes should be headed higher as well. (For instance, by taxing employer health insurance, removing the deduction of expenses from foreign operations, etc). This Economist article has more.

I don't think the markets have priced this in yet. Definitely not great news going forward.

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Monday, June 29, 2009

Quote of the week.

"The 40s, 50s and early 60s were spent under much tighter banking regulation, lots of government spending, higher taxes than we have now, and it was probably the single most prosperous era in American history."

-Justin Fox

He's also out with a new book, "The Myth of the Rational Market" which has received some rave reviews.







Good stuff!

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Friday, June 26, 2009

Hugh Hendry on deflation.

I’ve linked to Hugh Hendry's CNBC commentary before on this blog. Found these interesting excerpts via Zero Hedge:

Non confirmation of a new bull: Since early March the price of risk assets has again risen considerably; the Yuan has gone sideways. Perhaps the Chinese don't want to re-price their scarce exports amidst the economic weakness? I see this as a non-confirmation of the move in equities and commodities and it reinforces my bearish slant on the year. However, I happily contend that should the Yuan begin to appreciate once more and establish a new high vs. the dollar then I am just plain wrong with risk aversion and I will change the Fund’s posture; but so far it has been almost a year and nothing.

Deflationary trade: over the last couple of weeks we began purchasing out of the money call options on the current 30 year US Treasury bond. Do not be too concerned, we have only used about 20 basis points of the Fund’s NAV on such option premium so far. However it is our intention to add to this amount should the elevated levels of fixed income volatility subside. Given the capacity of this market to thrash around from extremes, it is not unrealistic to imagine that yields could match their lows of just six months ago. Should this happen before the year end, our options would payout 14 times our investment.


Read the complete document below!



Hat tip: Zero Hedge

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Wednesday, June 24, 2009

Book Review: Animal Spirits by Shiller and Akerlof

"Some books are to be tasted; others swallowed; and some to be chewed and digested."
-Francis Bacon

Animal Spirits clearly falls under the “chewed and digested” category. Economics is in a state of crisis and there's been much debate about the myth of efficient markets and rational human beings. This book presents a framework to explain the nature of markets, and the importance of human psychology in it. Don’t be fooled by the thin appearance! Instead of a quick read, you’ll find pages which challenge conventional wisdom every step of the way.

The authors are famous economists. Mr. Akerlof won a Nobel Prize in 2001, while Robert Shiller first gained prominent recognition with his book “Irrational Exuberance”, which was published just before the stock market peak in 2000. The second edition, out in 2005, warned about the bursting of the housing bubble.

So what are animal spirits? Animal spirits are essentially thought patterns that animate people’s ideas and feelings. The book describes five different aspects of animal spirits and how they affect economic decisions – confidence, fairness, corruption, money illusion and stories. Confidence is procyclical, and is similar to the Keynes multiplier. When confidence is up, asset prices start rising. Fairness basically influences wages. The authors consider whether concerns about fairness and social expectations trump the consequences of strictly economic motivations. Money illusion refers to the fact that participants can’t seem to see through inflation. “Stories” is a term to describe ideas that become widely accepted in the society. For instance, the internet mania in the late 90s and the “house prices never go down” mantra were widely accepted “stories”.

The authors use their animal spirits theory to answer the following questions:

"Why do economies fall into depression? Why do central bankers have power over the economy? Why are there people who can’t find a job? Why is there a tradeoff between inflation and unemployment in the long run? Why is saving for the future so arbitrary? Why are financial prices and corporate investments so volatile? Why do real estate markets go through cycles? Why does poverty persist for generations amongst disadvantaged minorities? “

For instance, to explain why economies fall into depression, they show how the previous depressions in the US occurred due to fundamental changes in confidence in the economy, in the willingness to press pursuit of profit to antisocial limits, in money illusion, and in changes in the perception of economic fairness. Their discussion on the power of the central bankers is extremely relevant in today’s environment.

The book makes a compelling case that it might be time to redesign financial regulations to take account of the animal spirits that often drive markets, to make markets work more effectively, and to minimize bailout costs. The question of animal spirits is important, as “the future of any country is in the hands of the business people who decide on investments, and it is in large measure dependent on their psychology."

Some of the unresolved questions which the authors ask in conclusion are actually being addressed by the financial reforms currently being debated. While Animal Spirits may not provide a miracle-cure for our current predicament, it’s an important first-step in understanding the role of human psychology in driving our economy. On a scale of 1 to 10, where 10 would be a gastronomical delight, I’d give this one an 8. Go check it out!

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Monday, June 22, 2009

Average first year of bull markets.

I have written earlier about the risk of missing the early bull market. Here’s the main points I’d given.

  • While bull markets have often lasted for multi-year periods, a significant portion of the gains have typically accrued during the early months of a bull market rally.
  • Within six months, more than one quarter (27%) of an entire bull market’s performance (on average) was already in the books.
  • The first 12 months of the average bull market has provided more than 40% of an entire bull market’s price appreciation, yielding on average 45% for investors.
  • Those who choose to re-enter after a few months of positive performance—when the climate feels “safe”—may miss a sizable portion of a bull market’s overall gain.

Came across this chart from Ned Davis research which nicely summarizes the above information in a chart form:



The numbers may be a little different, but the basic idea remains the same: Missing the early bull market can be extremely costly.

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Friday, June 19, 2009

Still a bear market rally?

Yet another collection of interesting market quotes. These are essentially predictions from famous market investors and technicians (Caution: lengthy!) Here's what I wrote the last time I posted something like this:

It’s always interesting to collate responses from different strategists. I find that recurrent themes makes it easier to filter out the noise. (Consider this to be similar to the "most widely held" consensus stock portfolio. Only in this case we’re trying to divine the "most widely held" very-smart money strategy. )

So let's find out what the smart money is saying:

Jim Rogers : A currency crisis is imminent, so investors should avoid shorting the market. I’m afraid they're printing so much money that stocks could go to 20,000 or 30,000. Of course it would be in worthless money, but it could happen and you could lose a lot of money being short.

George Soros: The rally may have further to go because there is a lot of liquidity, a lot of investors are on the sidelines. If the market keeps on going up, more of them may decide to join in. You never know how far the rally goes.But I certainly don't think we are at the beginning of a big bull market worldwide.

Byron Wien: I think we’ll get a 1000 on the S&P. I think it’s interesting Art said he’s expecting a pullback. He didn’t get it. We got sideways consolidation Ever since March 9th the market’s not giving people an opportunity to get in and I don’t think that’s over yet. Everybody wants a correction, everyone thinks the systemic risk is over. They are waiting for a pullback to get fully invested and the pullback never comes.

David Rosenberg: The equity bull-run looks overdone: The S&P 500 is priced for around $75 of operating EPS, something I don't see occurring before 2012 (probably won't get the number above $43 per share for this year). This rally has all been multiple expansion — from 15x on trailing EPS at the low to around 23x now. The market is NOT cheap.

With regard to the technicals, they are uber-bullish. Not only has the A-D line broken out to the high side, but the S&P 500 yesterday broke above the intra-day high of 943 set back on January 6, not to mention taking out the 200-day moving average. The ultimate retest will have to wait another day. This market is at risk now of melting up; and, as I said before when I was keeping an open mind regarding the longevity of this rally, notwithstanding my skepticism. That would mean a possible test to the high side of 1,200, believe it or not. That is an observation, not a forecast, by the way. Back when we hit that level last fall, it was a glass-half-empty feeling of being down 20% from the highs; this time around it is a cause for celebrating an 80% move off the lows! The S&P 500 is now up more than 4.0% for the year; the Nasdaq, which was the first of the major averages to break above the 200-day m.a., is up 16.0% year-to-date. The Dow is roughly flat.

Richard Russell: I’m of the opinion that this bear market rally is in the process of topping out. When a counter-trend rally tops out within an ongoing primary bear market, the odds are that the stock market will break to new lows during the period ahead. That means that the stock market will break below its March 9 lows in coming weeks. A violation of the March 9 lows would be a shocker to most investors, and it would be a forecast of an even worse economy coming up.

Louise Yamada: It is almost uncanny the degree to which 2002-08 has tracked 1932-38. Investors probably face years of frustration if they think a new, sustained bull market has begun. Structural bear markets typically last 13 to 16 years. Given the declines that have been suffered so far -- topped only by 1929-32 -- the structural bear has several years to go to complete the repair process.

Until proven otherwise, it could be a bear-market rally but we'll take what we can get. The 2002 low has been exceeded. That could be a very serious event. We don’t know whether it turns out to be a bear trap or if we have new lows ahead. I have no great compunction to be heavily invested. I think you have to be very agile and maintain trailing stop losses on any position.

I don’t think we can proclaim we are out of the woods yet. It’s the rallies and retreats that create consolidations, which eventually form bases for a new bull. For now, hone your trading skills. Best case, we are in an era of a trading range.

Michael Steinhardt : We’ve had a massive rally. We’ve had a massive injection of stuff into the economy: TARP etc. and the ultimate effect is hard to know at this point but my sense is this will not change the course of things. The economy is weak, it will remain weak. My net feeling is that this rally does not have that much more to go, and the dangers out there remain substantial.

Stephen Roach : This is an unusually synchronous recession for the global economies. Usually, in a global recession, half the world's economies contract while the other half is rising. So when the rate of contraction moderates, the balance swings pretty sharply towards expansion.

This time, as of mid-2009, 75% of the world's economies are contracting and so the balance between contraction and expansion is skewed towards weakness. That will limit the upside for the world economy.

Due to these reasons, the current global rally in equity is not justified based on fundamentals. The recovery being priced in is a V-shaped recovery which is unlikely. The markets have run ahead of themselves and should correct. The green shoots will turn brown this summer.

Jeremy Grantham : Everyone is looking at their cash and wondering what to do. Market isn’t too expensive or too cheap. It’s a very uncertain world, markets may not come down again materially, of course it may. Can’t risk being left behind for years. Even if the market comes back, it’s not the end of the world, because you still have cash left. If it comes down, you still have gap between neutral and maximum, and you pick your points.

I pointed out that there was a very strong 46% rally after the 1929 crash without the encouragement, without the moral hazard, without any increase in money. Markets once they hit a high and come down, have a half believe that they are entitled to go back. It would have probably come down without the exceptional circumstances, which are the massive stimulus and unprecedented degree of moral hazard. I picked out a number 1000-1100, which was basically a number which at 750 would have shocked. Cannot afford to be too bearish.

Robert Prechter: We hope people have enjoyed the nearly 40% rise in the S&P, nearly a 30% retracement of the decline from 2007. We’ve had response of the commodities and the corresponding decline in the dollar. I think this is part of the reflationary trade which should last through summer and it’s a good time for people to use the uptrend to their advantage.

Once you get into a net deflationary period liquidity is the entire driver. So you get falling markets all at the same time, and now you’re getting a rebound in all of this together. You need to look at market timing above everything right now because all the markets are coordinated moving more or less together.

When you are looking at longer term trends in the market, you need to look at longer term expressions of optimism and pessimism. For example, from 2000 to 2007, Dividend yields were really low at close to 1.4%, had very high PE ratios. Those have not improved, and that’s part of my argument why this is a bear market rally. We need to go down a number of years after this rally is over for those indicators to reach more normal bear market bottom type numbers.

The degree of rise we were predicting in late February was a primary degree, which indicates a pretty darn big rally. That also indicates a very strong turn towards optimism. So you’re seeing essentially a reflationary recovery. This is all classic. And it could take anywhere from a few months to a year for this partial recovery.

Economists will say the recession is over. People will say this is a new bull market. And that was THE bottom. And for us that was a very important bottom that’s why we got out of all our shorts. Similar to the rally from November to April 1930 which retraced 50% of the drop. People said the worse is over and we’re back in a bull market. I think this is a normal bear market rally but it’s a big one. It takes time to get used to it. In a few months people will be saying I get it , this is a new bull market., but remember at the bottom they weren’t saying that.

Kevin Lane, Fusion IQ : Since markets are a discounting mechanism they try to look ahead. Hence a few months back the markets were probably anticipating the not-so-bad economic data we are now seeing. Thus Friday’s bullish non-farm payrolls actually led to a sell-off after the initial euphoria faded. This selling on good news was most likely due to the fact that the news had been anticipated. Now one day of selling into a rally on bullish news does not make for a raging sell signal; however, it should at the very least make one start watching more closely to see whether bullish news in the coming days and weeks will lead to more of the same activity(i.e. selling the good news) that we saw on Friday.
At some point we are likely to get a testing sequence and selling the good news could be an early signal to take some chips off the table after a near 50% run off the lows.

Michael Kahn The broader market's been flat in the past week. A short-term rally could be in store. After internal market measures sprung to life in late May, the stock market broke out to the upside on June 1. But even with rather nice looking price action that day, the bulls have made zero progress since then.

There are two schools of thought on what this means. The first is the old Wall Street saw, "never short a dull market." Indeed, with shrinking volume and tight daily trading ranges, it does appear that the market is preparing another attempt to rally.

In technical classrooms, such diminished activity or, for lack of a better term, boring trading, tells us that the market is storing energy. On the charts, price action is coiling tighter like a spring and eventually that spring is going to uncoil.

Given that the trend from March is still up and market breadth is still pretty good, conventional wisdom of not selling this market short seems very reasonable. And faced with the same breakout from a similar trading range as we saw in May, I would make the same call -- more upside.

However, I want to reiterate what I wrote last week that despite the breakout, upside potential was limited. For the Standard & Poor's 500, the May trading range suggested an upside target of 982

Jeff Saut It is a mistake to get too bearish on equities. Maybe you don’t want to “play” as hard as we did at the March “lows,” but in terms of shorting stocks, we have NO interest! Manifestly, there is just too much liquidity supporting stocks

A Dow Theory “buy signal” will be rendered if the D-J Industrial Average and the D-J Transportation Average can better their respective January 6, 2009, closing highs of 9015.10 and 3717.26. If that happens, it would be termed a new bull market according to our interpretation of Dow Theory. Whether that occurs, or not, we think the emerging/frontier markets have already embarked on new bull markets.

Nevertheless, we are maintaining our cautionary stance. While we think the recent rise in interest rates, and the dollar’s dive, are head fakes, there are some worrisome signs. Corporate equity issuance is one of them. Indeed, corporate equity issuance has surged to an all-time high and insider buying is abnormally low. Meanwhile, risk appetites have risen dramatically and market breadth is deteriorating. Further, there are some inconsistencies with past initial “legs” of a new bull market. Firstly, the volume characteristics are lacking. Secondly, the number of stocks rising above their respective 200-day moving averages is short of historical precedence. And thirdly, Lowry’s Buying Power/Selling Pressure Indexes are short of all new bull market readings.

Mark Hulbert The recent surge in the supply of shares has caught the attention of Ned Davis, the eponymous head of Ned Davis Research. He has found through his research that it is optimal not to focus on monthly totals but instead on a rolling 13-week window. On this basis, according to Davis, recent corporate issuance has been exceeded historically only by two other occasions -- early 2000 and early 2008.

Those were "not great times to buy stocks," Davis notes dryly.

Davis also draws an even more ominous parallel to the recent corporate rush to sell stock: "This high level of [recent] supply is one of the key characteristics of the monster rally in November 1929 - April 1930."

According to TrimTabs, corporate new offerings since the beginning of May have been nearly five times greater than corporate purchases. TrimTabs is quite bearish, recommending that clients be 50% short U.S. equities. "Stock prices are going to fall hard," they predict.

Steve Leuthold : Market is still undervalued but not by much. June could be pretty impressive. A lot of institutions are underinvested. Waiting for a correction becomes harder and harder, you’ll see capitulation, you’ll see a number of institutions which are maybe 10% under benchmark and you’ll see a big move.

Endowment funds want to be closer to their benchmarks. You’ll see a gradual improvement in institutional psychology. If you want to capture the returns of the market, you need to be in this year, not next year. Market moves ahead of the economy, by the time economy comes out of recession, market could be up 50%.

John Murphy stockcharts.com As good as the spring rally has been, I believe the market is still in need of some corrective action (or consolidation) before moving substantially higher. V bottoms are extremely rare. W bottoms are a lot more common. So are head and shoulder bottoms. It seems unlikely that the market will continue to rally in a straight line. More basing activity is most likely needed. And that’s going to require more time.”

John Hussman: Presently, the price-to-book ratio on the S&P 500 is about 1.9. If you think about the 1974 and 1982 lows, we observed price/book ratios at about 0.8, while price-to-normalized earnings multiples were at about 7. So the S&P 500 would have to drop by about 60% to match the best valuations that we've seen during the past 40 years. Investors shouldn't kid themselves that stocks are cheap – in the sense of being priced to deliver outstandinglong-term returns – just because we've observed a wicked decline. We're not even close.

I continue to believe that it is a mistake to treat the recent advance as if it has significant information content about the economy. We are observing only smaller negatives (and even those may only be a reprieve based on a temporary lull in the mortgage reset schedule).

What about the March low? Given the recent advance, shouldn't investors treat that as an “absolute” buy level now? While it may sound absurd, it is not at all clear to me that the March low was the final low of the current cycle. Yes, it might have been (and we are willing to accept some amount of market exposure if our measures of internals improve), but I believe that investors should not rule out even the 500 level on the S&P 500 as a plausible outcome over the coming 18 months.

David Fuller: I am certainly not moving away from my view that this is a bull, since much of what we have seen since last October and everything since March has been consistent with a new bull market. However, extreme rallies to break the previous downtrends are often prone to lengthy pullbacks and ranging, because they discount improving or less bad news very quickly.

Where the corrections occur, they are likely to be sharper in high-flying emerging markets but delay the next upward move on Wall Street for longer, because it is underperforming and is a much bigger market.

Albert Edwards: I have to report that one of the most reliable indicators of an equity bull market, the Coppock Indicator, has just delivered a massive equity buy signal. Of course, this would not be a problem if I were not still underweight equities…
This is one of the most reliable technical indicators, suggesting we are in a new long-term bull market.

Goldman Sachs: We believe that for the remainder of the year, equities will be far more dependent on the path of fundamental economic data than on the amount of new equity supply. Additionally, we believe the bigger risk for equities is dis-inflation turning into ingrained deflation, rather than capital raising.

Marc Faber I would say that the entry point for people who want to buy equities around the world is a high risk entry point because the global economy has bottomed out. There is little potential to grow very strongly. So, there will be disappointments in terms of earnings in the second half of 2009. The gravy is a bit out of markets. India was below 8,000 on the Sensex and has gone up almost 100%. I don’t think it is a very good time to make an entry into the markets except for traders.

The skepticism of many investors about the sustainability of this rally is reflected in the still relatively low bullish sentiment readings. I expect that before the current upside move comes to an end, the “Bulls/Bear Difference” will reach close to 40! At the same time, I would expect at the next market top to see at least 70% of stocks above their 200 day moving average.

Paul Kedrosky: Should not underestimate that there is a big unwinding still going on across all asset space, as institutional investors revisit how big should my allocation be given performance and how big my allocation be towards alternate assets, given that their portfolio size is shrinking.. Rebalancing across the board.

Wouldn’t surprise me at all to see us saw-tooth our way considerably higher through the year. the S&P could approach 1100 by year-end, which would translate into the Dow well above 10,000. And that’s because there continues to be so much skepticism about so many things which is the hallmark of a bear market, and I do believe the bear market hasn’t ended. This is the world hasn’t ended trade plus the inventory restocking trade.

My take is that we go considerably higher through the year as people continue to dismiss this rally, and then in the early part of 2010, you know what this looks like some sort of a double dip, and stocks should sell off again..

Chris Wood, Global Equity Strategist of CLSA: I was expecting what I call a counter-trend rally, driven by a counter-trend rally in the S&P this year. The key point is that the S&P in the fourth quarter last calendar year went further below its 200 DMA, and at any point since 1932, in the midst of the Great Depression. So, it was almost inevitable that we were going to have a counter trend rally at some point in 2009. Actually, I thought it would start with the arrival of the new administration in January-February, but it didn’t start so much.

My guess as to how far this rally can go is 1000-1050 on the S&P, but I am viewing this as a counter-trend rally in a secular bear market for the US. I have a different view for Asia and India. I believe Asia and India remain in a secular bull market. So I have a fundamentally different view for the Western world and Asia.

when people realise that it is an L-shaped situation in the US, not an U-shaped or V-shaped recovery, you will get renewed correction. But my view is that next time the Western stock markets go down the Asian markets will prove much more resilient. But this process is incremental; it is not going to happen on a 12-month view.

I would expect a retest of the 660 level in due course in the US if the equities correct and it coincides with the new dollar rally because the dollar rally is on deleveraging. But if the dollar keeps declining, the lows on the S&P need not be so large because some of the downside will be taken on the dollar.

I don’t believe in a world where the S&P revisits the lows of March. I don’t think the Asian equity markets, India, will revisit the lows because the Indian economy has demonstrated its domestic demand-driven resilience this year. We are now getting people talking of 5.5-6% growth - a few months back the RBI had come out with statements that growth was going to be much slower than expected and it said that growth was going to be 6%.

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